NATO ally Spain has decided against buying the US-designed F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter, opting instead to invest in European-made aircraft for its air force.
Spain’s decision comes after several NATO members publicly questioned their commitment to the jet, made by Lockheed Martin, amid concerns about President Donald Trump’s attitude toward the alliance. Antagonism from the White House has rattled several American allies, though there were no firm decisions made concerning the F-35.
“This makes those thoughts or ideas concrete,” said Mark Cancian, a retired Marine Corps colonel and senior advisor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. “Here’s a country that really has changed its view about a future procurement.”
Asked about Spain’s decision, a Lockheed Martin spokesperson told Business Insider: “Foreign military sales are government-to-government transactions, and this matter is best addressed by the US or Spanish government.”
A spokesperson for the Spanish defense ministry said on Wednesday that the country was no longer considering the F-35 for its new fighter jet acquisitions. The official did not give a reason but told Politico that “the Spanish option involves the current Eurofighter and the FCAS in the future.”
The ministry directed Business Insider to the Spanish air force, which did not respond when reached for comment.
The reported ministry statements, however, confirmed an earlier report from Spain’s El País newspaper, citing government sources that said any plans to pursue the F-35 had been shelved and preliminary contacts that had been started were suspended indefinitely.
Richard Aboulafia, an aviation expert and the managing director of US consulting firm AeroDynamic Advisory, told Business Insider that Spain’s decision fits with “the broader European objective of sovereignty and self-sufficiency.”
The Eurofighter Typhoon under consideration is a fourth-generation, multi-role combat aircraft made by a consortium of European companies: Airbus, BAE Systems, and Leonardo. And the Future Combat Air System (FCAS) is an initiative from France, Germany, and Spain to create a sixth-generation jet, with an operational rollout planned for 2040.
Aboulafia noted that Spain has a personal interest, including in job creation, with the FCAS.
Spain has wavered on the F-35 in recent years, sometimes leaning more toward other fighter types or extending the life of older aircraft. Its recent decision speaks to its new focus on European-made military technologies and comes at a time of anxiety among allies, including Madrid, over their relationship with the US.
A focus on European jets
Spain’s government said this year that 87% of the more than $12 billion it was increasing its defense spending by would go to Spanish companies. El País reported that this commitment was incompatible with any plans to buy fighter jets that were made in the US.
Interest has been growing in building out Europe’s defense industrial base and buying more homegrown gear. Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, said in March, “We must buy more” European weapons.
Part of this drive is Trump, whose rhetoric has created new tensions between the US and its longtime allies. He excluded European allies from peace talks over Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, criticized the NATO alliance, and has threatened to annex a European territory. He also said last year that he would “encourage” Russia to attack any NATO member that doesn’t spend enough on defense. And the tariffs have been another source of tension.
There’s a growing wariness among US allies and partners when it comes to weapons technology.
Canada’s defense minister said that his country was reviewing its contract for F-35s and looking at “other alternatives,” the chairman of Denmark’s parliamentary defense committee said he regrets choosing the F-35 for his country, and Portugal’s defense minister said his country was unsure about plans to move to the F-35, pointing to uncertainties in US reliability as an ally.
And politicians across all of Switzerland’s political parties also said this week that the country should withdraw or reconsider the planned purchase of 36 F-35As due to the tariffs Trump put on the country.
European fighter jet makers have pounced at the opportunity: Eric Trappier, CEO of France’s Dassault Aviation, which makes the Mirage and Rafale aircraft, said in March that the company was ready for countries concerned about the F-35 to adopt its Rafale fighter.
But despite some of the remarks on the F-35, a widespread shift might not happen. Pivoting to a new type of aircraft would be a huge undertaking for countries that are already committed, and the F-35 is considered a particularly good jet.
Aboulafia described the Eurofighter as “equal or better” to the F-35 as an air vehicle, but said the F-35 “has the better mission equipment package by a wide margin.” The F-35 is an advanced fifth-generation fighter aircraft. Furthermore, production levels may be a factor. Far fewer Eurofighters are made each year, and FCAS production has not yet begun.
Aboulafia said that he believes Europe could build enough fighter jets to cover the demand if it brought all its available models, from Gripens to Rafales, to the table.
There are limitations, though. Relying solely on European capabilities means that countries would have to make decisions and potential changes to their force structure.
Spain’s navy, for example, has an aircraft carrier that is currently equipped with an air wing of aging Harrier jump jets set to retire. The F-35B could serve in that role, but the Eurofighters and other European jets can’t. So there would need to be a change.
Cancian said that he expects “more reliance on European suppliers, both because of concerns that the United States might not be reliable and the fact that the Europeans are now investing a lot in their defense industrial base, so there’s more to choose from and it’s maybe more competitive — or will be more.”
The downside, however, is that if US allies don’t pick the F-35, the interoperability with other countries will take a hit. “Since the F-35 is used by so many, including the United States, that makes it easier for other countries to operate with countries that have the same equipment.”
For now, many NATO members are committed to the F-35: The defense ministries of the UK, Australia, Denmark, and the Netherlands told BI earlier this year that they were unwavering.
And Trump hardening his stance against Russia in recent weeks may dull some countries’ worries about the relationship, Aboulafia speculated, but there continue to be rifts.
Spain is experiencing a very particular tension with the US. Spain is the lowest defense spender in NATO as a proportion of its GDP, at 1.28% in 2024 per NATO estimates. It also requested an exemption to NATO members’ proposal to bring defense spending to 5% of GDP. The alliance leaders agreed to the 5% in June, but Spain maintains that increasing its spending to 2.1% is sufficient.
Trump called Spain’s position “very unfair” to other members and threatened trade ramifications, without giving any details.
Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez earlier this year said it had become obvious “only Europe will know how to protect Europe” from now on.
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